The Australian Outback: A Definitive Guide
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‘Back o’ Bourke’, ‘beyond the black stump’, ‘’, ‘Never Never’: the various names given to the vast inland of reveal just how hard it is to precisely summarise what exactly the O is, even as it defines Australia’s sense of self and international image.
The is not a place with a definite boundary, but a ‘state of mind’: referring to the most remote part of the country, where the landscape seems to stretch forever in every direction and the nearest property might be days away, let alone the nearest town. It is a place defined by a strange and harsh beauty, that exercises a strange hold over our imaginations.
This article aims to introduce readers to the history, geography and culture of the Outback, to provide background information for Odyssey Traveller’s Outback and other Australia tours.
What is the Outback?
The concept of the Outback goes back to the 19th century idea of ‘back’ country, which was in use by 1800 to describe land beyond the settled regions. The crossing of the Blue Mountains gave a new sense of the scope of the continent, and the term ‘‘ was born. ‘‘ was first used in print in 1869, when the writer was referring to lands west of Wagga Wagga, New South Wales.
If you’re , you’ve probably heard people say that the is ‘beyond the black stump’. But where exactly is the black stump? It has been suggested that the ‘black stump’ refers to the Black Stump Wine Saloon, which stood about 10 kilometres out of the town of Coolah, NSW. Others suggest that the ‘black stump’ refers to a fire-blackened tree stump used by surveyors near Blackall, QLD, in 1887 (Mayne, Beyond the Black Stump, 4). Either way, the term entered the vernacular – and now the location of the ‘black stump’ varies according to local folklore. In Nevil Shute’s Beyond the Black Stump (1956), a novel set in north-western , a visiting American asks what precisely the ‘black stump’ is. The explains that ‘it’s just what they say around here. It just means – anywhere.’
Even today the precise definition of ‘’ remains a point of contention. The Department of Agriculture, Water, and the Environment defines ‘rangelands‘ (as they term the ) as covering 81% of ‘s landmass, including all of the ; from to , with the border heading inland north of Mackay (and not including areas around and Townsville); Western New South Wales, beginning east of Bourke; Northern , beginning just south of Port Augusta, and most of Western , except for a south-western band stretching from east of Esperance to south of Canarvon. Out of ‘s states, only Victoria and Tasmania do not include areas of .
Others contest this definition, particularly the inclusion of the tropical – and wet – Top End, Kakadu , Arnhem Land and . They define the as the arid and semi-arid regions of , where red dirt predominates. This definition still includes over 70% of the continent.
By contrast, over 90% of ’s population live on the fertile coastal plains of the east, south-east, and south-west. Though many urban Australians have a vision of the as arid, empty and monotonous, it comprises a number of distinct cultural and geographic regions.
Regions of the :
The Central Deserts:
is the arid heart of the . It is home to ‘s ten deserts, and some of the most iconic landmarks, including , Coober Pedy, and .
We have defined the Central Deserts as stretching north-south from Marree (just south of Lake Eyre) to the ghost town of Newcastle Waters (between Tennant Creek and Katherine), where the ‘Top End’ begins. East-west it spans from the /New South Wales border to Wiluna, Western .
This area is home to all of ‘s deserts. The Great Victoria Desert, stretching from into Western , is ‘s biggest desert. Most sources estimate it at around 424,400 km squared, making it the world’s third largest desert after the Sahara and the Arabian Desert.
Other significant deserts include the Simpson Desert, which is defined by a remarkable system of parallel dunes, which rise as high as 40 metres, and stretch (without break) for 200 metres. The smaller Sturt Stony Desert is notable for its extreme dryness; which proved an obstacle to the explorer Charles Sturt (after whom the desert is named) on his quest to find the ‘Inland Sea’. Sturt recalled that the land was covered in stones ‘so thick on the ground, that it was impossible for any herb to have forced its way between them.’
Compared with other deserts internationally, ‘s deserts receive relatively high rates of rainfall. No weather station in records less than 100mm of rain annually. As a result, all of ‘s deserts are coverfed with flora, particularly mulga and spinifex. ‘s deserts are home to a number of endemic animals, including mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs and insects. In particular, ‘s deserts are marked for their reptile community, with over 210 species living in arid areas – including Acanthophis pyrrhus, the infamous desert death adder snake.
Farming here is limited to very low-intensity sheep and cattle production. A number of famous trails, allowing for (relatively) safe passage through the desert, were developed in the 19th century. The Track follows an ancient trade route, later used by John McDouall Stuart in his explorations of the centre of , which in turn provided the route for the telegraph cable from Port Augusta to Darwin. The Track allowed graziers to transport their cattle to Marree, and then by train to Adelaide, rather than make the lengthy to . Today these routes represent the ultimate , doable only by 4WD.
The South:
South of the central deserts, this area of the ‘‘ – extending from western New South Wales through , to the south-west of Western – is less quintessential, more populated and (mostly) less arid.
Much of this area is pastoral country, with huge properties – mostly sheep stations – taking up vast areas. Distances between towns are less vast than they are in other parts of the , but still nothing to sneer at.
This area also includes the infamous Nullabor Plain (latin for ‘No tree’), the world’s largest limestone karst plateau, stretching along the southern coast of . Here sheer cliffs plunge the directly into the sea. The first European to reach the area, explorer Edward John Eyre, described it as ‘the sort of place one gets into in bad dreams’, a virtually featureless flat savannah stretching for over 2000 kilometres. Underneath the plain, however, is a vast network of extraordinary limestone caves.
The ‘South’ is also home to the stunning landscapes of Wilpena Pound and the Flinders Ranges, ; the quirky ‘silver city’, , and the UNESCO World Heritage Listed Willandra Lakes, where Mungo Man and Mungo Lady, the 40,000 year old burial remains of two people were found by geologist Jim Bowler, transforming our understanding of history.
The North-West:
Home to the stunning landscapes of the Kimberley and the rugged Pilbara, the ‘north-west’ might be the most remote area of . Less than 30,000 people live in the Kimberley, a region the size of Victoria and Tasmania combined, while the population of the Pilbara is only slightly larger, around 45, 000. Towns are few and far between here (with the exception of Broome), mostly old mining towns such as Halls Creek in the Kimberley, and fly-in fly-out settlements in the Pilbara.
The area is so remote that the striking Bungle Bungles of Purnululu were only discovered in 1982, thanks to a film crew passing over from the air.
Unlike the drier regions further south, the Kimberley has a wet season, which transforms the dry, red sand landscape into something lush and verdant, as the area’s many river gorges spring to life.
The Tropics:
Many argue that the tropical regions of Kakadu , Arnhem Land and are too lush to be considered part of the real . But nobody can deny that this region includes some of the most iconic territory. The cattle areas of gave birth to the archetype of the stockman, mythologised in the poetry of Banjo Paterson and Henry Lawson.
Other interesting sites here include Winton (where Waltzing Matilda was written), the nearby dinosaur remains at Lark Quarry Conservation Park, and Barcaldine, the birthplace of the labour movement.
Geology of the :
The is shaped by ancient geological processes. Along with Africa, South America, Antarctica and India, once formed part of the supercontinent Gondwana. Virtually all of the is part of a huge crustal block known as the Craton. The craton is geologically ancient, with metamorphic and igneous rock ranging from 570 million to 3.7 billion years old. The most ancient rock formations, in the Pilbara, formed 4.3 billion years ago, making them part of the earth’s original crust. The world’s oldest known lifeforms, stromatolites (3.5 billion years old), are also found in the Pilbara.
Though more recent geological shifts have occurred – most notably, the emergence of the Flinders Ranges around 500 million years ago – the has remained remarkably stable, perhaps explaining why so much of the territory is flat.
Though the O is arid it is virtually never without vegetation. The tropics are largely covered with forest, and (as we have seen), even the deserts have some flora.
Perhaps owing to the ancient geological history of the , plants have evolved to cope with the harsh conditions. Flora commonly found in the includes eucalypts, wattle, spinifex, grass trees, salt bush, desert oak, and boabs (endemic only to the Kimberley). In spring the landscape, particularly in Western , explodes with colourful wildflowers.
peoples of the :
The first peoples to arrive in likely came through the Kimberley. In Carpenters Gap in the Kimberley, the world’s oldest ground-edge axe – 44,000 to 49,000 years old- was discovered by archaeologists. However, indications are – given that Mungo Man and Mungo Lady, found on the opposite side of the continent, date back more than 40, 000 years – that settlement in the Kimberley was much earlier, between 50, 000 and 120, 000 years ago.
When the first peoples arrived in , they encountered a continent vastly different than today. During the Ice Age, the coast was kilometres from where it is today, and mainland and Tasmania were connected across what is now the Bass Strait. The arid centre was more fertile – the dry lakes where Mungo Man and Mungo Lady, were, in the times in which they lived, fertile, while the cooler regions of , Tasmania and the Alps, were inhospitable. The rising of the seas at the end of the Ice Age – 17,000 years ago – forced people to retreat from coastal areas in favour of inland territories, transforming the way that ‘s first peoples lived.
The lifestyles of peoples living in the deserts differed from those in more fertile inland areas or by the coast. In well-watered country – such as lands along the Murray River – tribal lands were compact, but in the inland deserts they were vast, with some tribal areas larger than Ireland (Blainey, 31). Desert peoples covered vast tracts of land, spreading out after rain, and retreating to permanent waterholes during drought.
While the is often seen as a desolate space, unfit for habitation, peoples lived successfully in arid areas for thousands of years. Early explorers often commented on the healthy, tall, and ‘well built’ people that they met, even in arid lands.
peoples of the desert were able to survive by locating permanent waterholes and wells, and by understanding the erratic water patterns of salt lakes, swamps and clay pans. The roots of mallee and wattles could yield water, which was drained into dishes and bags.
In the desert, people foraged for insects, birds, reptiles and mammals, and collected seeds – which were ground and baked with water to make damper. Near the border of and , local people hoarded the seeds of portulac, with a granary containing around 45 kilograms of seeds discovered by explorers near Lake Lipson. It was concealed by an inner wrapping of grass and an outer wrapping of clay.
Wild fruit trees were commonly found by explorers in the desert. W.C. Gosse recalled that, on the expedition on which he was the first European to sight , he encountered a dry creek vivid with the fruit of the quandong, which he boiled into a sweet jam. In Central , at least thirty forms of fruit were known to local peoples. In the Western Desert, fruits were preserved, pounded into reddish-brown paste and then dried in the sun.
peoples made use of fire for a number of purposes. Carrying fire sticks kept desert peoples warm on cold winter nights, while sending smoke signals to communicate with others in the distance. Fire was also used to control the environment and promote the growth of edible plants. Out of twelve food plants that grow in central , five need fire to survive, while three tolerate it and four are killed by it. In 1788, all twelve thrived, so local peoples would have tended to each according to the needs of each plant (Gammage, 14). Late 19th century photos of show the rock surrounded by strips of grass, indicating a managed use of fire to maintain the environment – as fire too frequent lets in spinifex; too infrequent, scrub.
Before the arrival of Europeans, there were around 250 languages, comprising around 700 dialects. Linguists believe that these evolved from a single language root, becoming mutually intelligible as peoples spread across the continent. Most languages have around 10, 000 words – the same amount used by the average speaker of English.
Culturally, there were over 500 first nations at the time of settlement. Though they shared some cultural elements – particularly that of the Dreaming, or Dreamtime, tied to a deep connection with the land – these were refracted through local traditions and beliefs. In the desert, the harsh landscape necessitated sharing country, knowledge, and resources with other groups.
Some of the most vivid testaments of pre-settlement lives come from the rock art which dots the O. In the Kimberley, the Gwion Gwion paintings (often known as ‘Bradshaws’) depict elegant, elongated peoples, elaborately dressed with accessories of bags and headdresses; while the later Wandjina depict round heads, huge eyes without a mouth. Carpenters Gap in the Kimberley is home to some of the oldest evidence of rock painting, an ochre-stained palette dating back 40,000 years. In the sandstone Arnhem Land plateau, rock art galleries date back 18,000 years. Important art can also be seen in the Flinders Ranges, and in Canarvon Gorge, .
Other art forms include Western desert painting, also known as ‘dot painting’, which evolved from ‘ground paintings’, which formed the centrepieces of dances and songs. Paint was made from pulped plant material, and designs made on the ground using dots. This was translated into the dot paintings we see today – which, though seemingly abstract to the Western eye – often depict Dreaming stories, identifying ancestral beings, birds, animals and humans.
Exploration of the O:
The first Europeans to head into the vast were the explorers of the 19th century, who charted the continent. In 1813, Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson, and William C Wentworth crossed the Blue Mountains, opening up inland to exploration and settlement. In subsequent decades Hamilton Hume, John Oxley, William Hovell, Charles Sturt and Thomas Mitchell charted the lands around the Murray-Darling River System, opening the countryside between and the new settlements of and Adelaide.
The first exploration party to reach the was a group led by Charles Grey, who landed on the Kimberley coast in 1838, barely keeping their lives in what they saw as a forbidding terrain.
Successive generations of explorers headed into the centre of , with the aim of discovering what they believed would be an inland sea. This faith was given evidence by the westward-flowing rivers of New South Wales, though in 1829-30 Charles Sturt solved the riddle when he charted the Murray-Darling Rivers. Despite this, Sturt still adamantly believed that there was an inland sea, and that he had been ordained by God to find it. In 1844, he set out from Adelaide to find it, following the Darling River and then striking west. Dealing with extreme heat and lack of water, Sturt and his men spent months at Depot Glen, near present-day Milparinka, before passing on to Eyre Creek, north of . Though only one man died on this 18-month journey, Sturt’s health never recovered and he remained depressed by his inability to find the promised sea.
The inland would be further explored by Burke and Wills and by John McDouall Stuart, who – funded by Victoria and respectively – were in competition to cross the continent. Burke and Wills almost made it – reaching a sound from which the Gulf of Carpentaria was visible – before meeting their deaths on their return route; Stuart successfully reached Chambers Bay, east of Darwin, and returned to Adelaide, creating the route for the Overland Telegraph Line.
The disappearance of Burke and Wills saw rescue teams from , , and Victoria criss-cross the continent, many of whom were rather more adept at exploring than the doomed Burke and Wills.
From the 1890s, the emphasis shifted towards scientific and anthropological expeditions, designed to look for minerals, study ’s unique flora and fauna, and to learn about peoples who still lived according to traditional ways.
The end of the era of exploration was marked in the 1950s, when surveyor Len Beadell opened up swathes of the South , Western and deserts to establish the atomic-bomb test sites of Emu Junction and Maralinga, and the Woomera Rocket Range.
The in culture:
In a 1996 documentary, George Miller, director of the Mad Max films suggested that white filmmakers used cinema to spirit their country into being in the way that creation myths had done before white settlement. The mythology of the , created by writers and filmakers, has created a distinct image for modern , that defines to ourselves and the world.
The modern image of the was first created by the bush balladeers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The two most successful balladeers were AB ‘Banjo’ Paterson and Henry Lawson. Paterson grew up in the bush in the second half of the 19th century, and wrote about station life with a great sense of optimism. His most famous works are Clancy of the Overflow, The Man from Snowy River, and Waltzing Matilda, ’s ‘alternative national anthem’.
Lawson, a contemporary of Paterson, was less of humorist and more of a social commentator. Though he wrote a number of poems, he is better known for his short stories about life, including A Day on a Selection (a selection was a tract of crown land for which annual fees were paid), and The Drover’s Wife.
Other balladeers include George Essex Evans, Will Ogilvie, Barcroft Boake and Barbara Baynton, who portrays the as a cruel, uncompromising environment, without the romantic imagery of the bush.
The proved a source of inspiration for a number of novelists through the twentieth century. Xavier Herbert’s Capricornia (1938) and Poor Fellow My Country (1975) offer sweeping epics of life, while ’s only Nobel prize-winner, Patrick White, drew on settings in Voss (1957), The Tree of Man (1955) and The Aunt’s Story (1947). In the 1950s, Nevil Shute’s A Town Like Alice (1950) caught the imagination of readers around the world. Mary Durack’s non-fiction Kings in Grass Castles (1959) and Sons in the Saddle (1983) depict the white settlement of the Kimberley by her ancestors, ‘Cattle Kings’ who mustered cattle from Cooper Creek to the Kimberley on a 28-month trek from 1883 to 1885. The also inspired international authors, including D.H. Lawrence, whose Kangaroo (1923) includes terrifying imagery of the bush.
For most people, their introduction to comes from the many films which use it as a setting. The first colour film to show the was Jedda (1952), the story of an girl, filmed at Katherine Gorge, . In the 1970s, acclaimed films such as Walkabout (1971) and The Chant of Jimmy Blacksmith (1978) told the stories of people in the . The 1980s saw the featured in blockbuster pictures, including Crocodile Dundee and the Mad Max series. Beginning with Wake in Fright (1971), in which a schoolteacher is unable to leave the eerie town in which he is stranded, directors have drawn on the as a source of dread and horror.
Tour the Outback with Odyssey Traveller:
Odyssey Traveller now offers a number of tours, including:
- and ‘back: This offers the ultimate , passing through the ‘corner country’ where
- : Explore the quintessential of western , home to ancient sites, heritage pubs, and the of Dinosaurs.
- of the Kimberley: This takes you through the heart of the Kimberley, perhaps ‘s ultimate .
- Southern States of : Visit UNESCO World Heritage sites and more on this and mallee regions of , Victoria, and New South Wales.
- Flinders Ranges: This takes you through the stunning scenery of the and beyond to the remote towns of Coober Pedy and .
- Wildflowers of Western : While not devoted to the , the of this wildflower skirts the edges of Western ‘s ‘golden ‘ to see desert flowers in bloom.
- Kakadu and Darwin: Tour of the majestic landscapes and ancient history of Kakadu National Park, in the Northern Territory’s ‘Top End’.
Every Odyssey is designed especially for mature and senior travellers, who seek an informed and educational experience. We move in small groups of around 6-12 per , and are led by an experienced /.
Articles about Australia published by Odyssey Traveller:
- The Kimberley: A Definitive Guide
- Uncovering the Ancient History of Aboriginal Australia
- Aboriginal Land Use in the Mallee
- Understanding Aboriginal Aquaculture
- Mallee and Mulga: Two Iconic and Typically Inland Australian Plant Communities (By Dr. Sandy Scott).
For all the articles Odyssey Traveller has published for mature aged and senior travellers, click through on this link.