The Bauhaus School: The Definitive Guide for Travellers
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The Bauhaus School and its 100-Year Legacy
The Bauhaus School was the brainchild of Walter Gropius of Germany, who reimagined art and utility as a single form that combined architecture, fine arts, and crafts (MET 2007). Though it started as a School for practical artists, it developed into a movement, even a lifestyle, which swept across the world.
Bauhaus “was more than a school… It was a commune, a spiritual movement, a radical approach to art in all its forms, a philosophical centre comparable to the Garden of Epicurus” – Tom Wolfe (1981 cited by Charly Wilder 2016)
In honour of its 100th anniversary, this article has been written as a quick guide for those travellers wishing to know a little more about the modernist movement that started in Germany and swept the world. It will also indicate a number of prime examples of Bauhaus-style buildings to visit in 2019, in the centenary of this revolutionary art movement.
If you’re keen to visit Germany, we have several articles and lists on our blog that may be of interest to you:
- A history of Berlin for Tourists
- The Oberammergau Passion Play
- A guide to Germany
- Fifteen must see sights in Berlin
- Ten books to read about Berlin
- Ten of the best art galleries in Europe
Bauhaus Origins
Bauhaus was an art school turned art movement that was prominent from 1919 to 1933 in Germany. The word Bauhaus itself comes from the German word Hausbau, which means the ‘building of a house’. Thus, Bauhaus roughly translates to ‘house of building’ (Encyclopaedia Britannica 2019). The movement was inspired by the callous manufacturing lacking artistic design, which was growing ever more prominent following the razing of Germany in WW1. The reconstruction of many houses focused on functionality instead of asthetic. German architect Walter Gropius saw this as a detriment to the art culture in Germany as a whole (The Art Story), and so founded the Bauhaus School. The School bridged the gap between fine arts and craftsmanship, and it followed the slogan: ‘Art into Industry’ (Winton 2007). It was progressive in its teaching of the interplay between art, society, and technology, which demonstrated that practicality and beauty could co-exist. This is the reason that some of the most famous examples of Bauhaus designs are residential houses and household items, such as Marcel Breuer’s chairs, and Marianne Brandt’s teapot. Equal parts function and art.
“We want to create the purely organic building, boldly emanating its inner laws, free of untruths or ornamentation” – Walter Gropius (cited by Bauhaus100)
Founder: Walter Gropius
Walter Gropius was born in Berlin on 18 May 1883. Architecture ran in his family because his father and his great-uncle, Martin Gropius, were architects, and Karl Friedrich Schinkel was a close friend of Gropius’ great-grandfather. Perhaps his family’s influence is how Gropius knew from a young age that this was a passion he wanted to pursue as a career. He began studying architecture at Munich Technical Institute in 1903, after a year of which he held his first job in an architectural office. He returned to school in 1905, this time at the Berlin-Charlottenburg Technical Institute. Upon graduation, he was invited to work for Peter Behrens, under whose tutelage Gropius developed his understanding of how art and function should intertwine. These ideas were culminated in his designs, in collaboration with Adolph Meyer, of the Fagus Works in Alfeld an der Leine (1911) and Model Factory in Cologne (1914), which headed the entire basis for the founding of the Bauhaus School in 1919 in Weimar, Germany. Students from many different art backgrounds gathered in a compound where new ways of thinking were taught and encouraged.
Political strife led the school to be moved to Dessau in 1925. Gropius designed the Bauhaus building as a centre for teaching and student accommodation. He remained the director of the School until 1928, when he left for Berlin to pursue private works. Growing disapproval of Bauhaus’ modernist ideas led the school to again be relocated in 1930, this time to Berlin, under Ludwig Mies van der Rohe’s direction. The move was politically motivated as conservative motions in Weimar and then Dessau continued to undermine the School’s new way of thinking. The School was forced to downsize, but ultimately had to shutdown all together in 1933. The Nazis regime disapproved of the modernist approach of the School and the artists and craftsmen who supported it. Most of them were labelled ‘cultural Bolsheviks’ (Charly Wilder 2016), and fled Germany in the pursuit of this modernist movement. This included Walter Gropius who first headed for England in 1934, and later for the United States in 1937, where he spent the remainder of his life. He became a professor of architecture at Harvard University and founded The Architects Collaborative, a group of architects with similar values to those of the Bauhaus.
Bauhaus Professors
The Bauhaus school offered practical art skills specific to their area of interest; however, each student was inducted into the School with a theoretical introduction, which included instruction on essential elements of colour, form, and material (Winton 2007). This was typically taught by an artist of fine arts, especially painters. Painter Johannes Itten was the first to set the program for preliminary instruction. Itten was an eccentric expressionist painter, known for his profound knowledge and use of colour. He famously studied under Adolf Hölzel and expanded on Hölzel’s colour wheel to include 12 colours.
As a deputy director of the Bauhaus School, Itten brought in a number of masters to instruct the students, including Paul Klee and Georg Muche. Itten was the director of the preliminary theory course until 1923, when he resigned in protest of the School’s shift to industrial design and mass production. Following their instruction on colour theory and form, students them moved into specialised workshops such as: metalworking, cabinetmaking, weaving, pottery, typography, and wall painting (Winton 2007). Some of the top artists who became instructors in the various workshops were: Oskar Schlemmer, famous for his geometric Triadic Ballet costumes; Paul Klee and Wassily Kandinsky with their geometric and surrealist paintings; and Laszlo Moholy-Nagy and Josef Albers, who spread the Bauhaus movement to the United States after fleeing Germany by establishing the New Bauhaus in Chicago and Black Mountain College in North Carolina, respectively. All of the professors who taught at the School were exceptional artists who profoundly understood the use of shape and colour and who believed in the movement to spur change in the art world. Without these professors, Bauhaus would not have become what it is today, and we would not be celebrating their lasting impact on the German landscape.